Model Annotated Individual Plea Agreement
Last Updated October 11, 2006
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA V. [JOHN R. DOE], Defendant. |
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PLEA AGREEMENT
The United States of America and [John R. Doe] ("defendant") hereby enter into the following Plea Agreement pursuant to Rule 11(c)(1)(B OR C) of the Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure ("Fed. R. Crim. P."):
RIGHTS OF DEFENDANT
1. The defendant understands his rights:
- to be represented by an attorney;
- to be charged by Indictment;
- [as a citizen and resident of [COUNTRY], to decline to accept service of the Summons in this case, and to contest the jurisdiction of the United States to prosecute this case against him in the United States District Court for the [XXXX] District of [XXXX];]
- to plead not guilty to any criminal charge brought against him;
- to have a trial by jury, at which he would be presumed not guilty of the charge and the United States would have to prove every essential element of the charged offense beyond a reasonable doubt for him to be found guilty;
- to confront and cross-examine witnesses against him and to subpoena witnesses in his defense at trial;
- not to be compelled to incriminate himself;
- to appeal his conviction, if he is found guilty; and
- to appeal the imposition of sentence against him.
AGREEMENT TO PLEAD GUILTY AND WAIVE CERTAIN RIGHTS
2. The defendant knowingly and voluntarily waives the rights set out in Paragraph 1(b)-(h) above[, including all jurisdictional defenses to the prosecution of this case, and agrees voluntarily to consent to the jurisdiction of the United States to prosecute this case against him in the United States District Court for the [XXXXXX] District of [XXXXXX]]. The defendant also knowingly and voluntarily waives the right to file any appeal, any collateral attack, or any other writ or motion, including but not limited to an appeal under 18 U.S.C. § 3742 or a motion under 28 U.S.C. § 2241 or 2255, that challenges the sentence imposed by the Court if that sentence is consistent with or below the recommended sentence in Paragraph 8 of this Plea Agreement, regardless of how the sentence is determined by the Court. This agreement does not affect the rights or obligations of the United States as set forth in 18 U.S.C. § 3742(b)[for C agreements only, also insert "-c)"]. Pursuant to Fed. R. Crim. P. 7(b), the defendant will waive indictment and plead guilty at arraignment to a [one]-count Information[ in the form attached] to be filed in the United States District Court for the [XXXXXX] District of [XXXXXX]. The Information will charge the defendant with participating in a conspiracy to suppress and eliminate competition by [DESCRIPTION OF CHARGE AS SET OUT IN THE CHARGING PARAGRAPH OF THE INFORMATION] sold in [the United States and elsewhere] [TIME FRAME FROM CHARGING PARAGRAPH OF THE INFORMATION] in violation of the Sherman Antitrust Act, 15 U.S.C. § 1.
3. The defendant, pursuant to the terms of this Plea Agreement, will plead guilty to the criminal charge described in Paragraph 2 above and will make a factual admission of guilt to the Court in accordance with Fed. R. Crim. P. 11, as set forth in Paragraph 4 below. [The United States agrees that at the arraignment, it will stipulate to the release of the defendant on his personal recognizance, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 3142, pending the sentencing hearing in this case.]
FACTUAL BASIS FOR OFFENSE CHARGED
4. Had this case gone to trial, the United States would have presented evidence sufficient to prove the following facts:
- For purposes of this Plea Agreement, the "relevant period" is that period [TIME PERIOD FROM CHARGING PARAGRAPH OF INFORMATION]. During the relevant period, the defendant was [POSITION] of [CORPORATE EMPLOYER], an entity organized and existing under the laws of [STATE OR if foreign-- COUNTRY] and with its principal place of business in [CITY, STATE OR if foreign -- CITY, COUNTRY]. During the relevant period, [CORPORATE EMPLOYER] was a [producer] of [PRODUCT] and was engaged in the sale of [PRODUCT] in [the United States and elsewhere]. [SHORT PRODUCT DESCRIPTION.] [During the relevant period, [CORPORATE EMPLOYER]'s sales of [PRODUCT] to U.S. customers totaled at least $[AFFECTED SALES VOLUME THAT WILL BE USED TO CALCULATE ADVISORY GUIDELINES FINE AND IMPRISONMENT RANGES].]
- During the relevant period, the defendant participated in a conspiracy with other persons and entities engaged in the [manufacture and sale] of [PRODUCT], the primary purpose of which was to [DESCRIPTION OF THE CHARGE] sold in [the United States and elsewhere]. In furtherance of the conspiracy, the defendant engaged in conversations and attended meetings with representatives of other major [PRODUCT] [producing] firms. During such meetings and conversations, agreements were reached to [DESCRIPTION OF THE CHARGE] to be sold in [the United States and elsewhere]. [The defendant was an [organizer or leader/manager or supervisor] in the conspiracy[, which involved at least five participants/was extensive].] [The defendant significantly facilitated the [commission/concealment] of the conspiracy by his abuse of his position of trust.] [During the investigation of the conspiracy, the defendant [willfully obstructed or impeded/attempted to obstruct or impede] the investigation.]
- [Description of relevant interstate and foreign commerce. Common description is as follows -- During the relevant period, [PRODUCT] sold by one or more of the conspirator firms, and equipment and supplies necessary to the production and distribution of [PRODUCT], as well as payments for [PRODUCT], traveled in interstate [and foreign ]commerce.] The business activities of [CORPORATE EMPLOYER] and co-conspirators in connection with the [production and sale] of [PRODUCT] affected by this conspiracy were within the flow of, and substantially affected, interstate [and foreign ]trade and commerce.
- Acts in furtherance of this conspiracy were carried out within the [XXXXX] District of [XXXXX], [XXXX] Division. [ Description of relevant venue. Common descriptions are as follows-- [The conspiratorial meetings and conversations described above took place in [the United States and elsewhere], and at least one of these meetings [which was attended by the defendant] occurred in this District.] OR [[PRODUCT] affected by this conspiracy was sold by one or more of the conspirators to customers in this District.]]
POSSIBLE MAXIMUM SENTENCE
5. The defendant understands that the statutory maximum penalty which may be imposed against him upon conviction for a violation of Section One of the Sherman Antitrust Act is:
- a term of imprisonment for [three (3)] years (15 U.S.C. § 1);
- a fine in an amount equal to the greatest of (1) [$350,000], (2) twice the gross pecuniary gain the conspirators derived from the crime, or (3) twice the gross pecuniary loss caused to the victims of the crime by the conspirators (15 U.S.C. § 1; 18 U.S.C. § 3571(b) and (d)); and
- a term of supervised release of [one (1)] year following any term of imprisonment. If the defendant violates any condition of supervised release, the defendant could be imprisoned for [the entire term of supervised release] (18 U.S.C. § 3559(a)[(5)]; 18 U.S.C. § 3583(b)[(3)] and (e)(3); and United States Sentencing Guidelines ("U.S.S.G.," "Sentencing Guidelines," or "Guidelines") § 5D1.2(a)[(3)]).
6. In addition, the defendant understands that:
- pursuant to U.S.S.G. § 5E1.1, the Court may order him to pay restitution to the victims of the offense; and
- pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 3013(a)(2)(A), the Court is required to order the defendant to pay a $100.00 special assessment upon conviction for the charged crime.
SENTENCING GUIDELINES
7. The defendant understands that the Sentencing Guidelines are advisory, not mandatory, but that the Court must consider the Guidelines in effect on the day of sentencing, along with the other factors set forth in 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a), in determining and imposing sentence. The defendant understands that the Guidelines determinations will be made by the Court by a preponderance of the evidence standard. The defendant understands that although the Court is not ultimately bound to impose a sentence within the applicable Guidelines range, its sentence must be reasonable based upon consideration of all relevant sentencing factors set forth in 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a). [Pursuant to U.S.S.G. § 1B1.8, the United States agrees that self-incriminating information that the defendant provides to the United States pursuant to this Plea Agreement will not be used to increase the volume of affected commerce attributable to the defendant or in determining the defendant's applicable Guidelines range, except to the extent provided in U.S.S.G. § 1B1.8(b).]
SENTENCING AGREEMENT
8. Pursuant to Fed. R. Crim. P. 11(c)(1)(B OR C), [if a B agreement--the United States agrees that it will recommend, as the appropriate disposition of this case, that the Court impose] OR [if a C agreement-- the United States and the defendant agree that the appropriate disposition of this case is, and agree to recommend jointly that the Court impose,] a sentence [within the applicable Guidelines range] requiring the defendant to pay to the United States a criminal fine of $[XXXXX][, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 3571(d),] [payable in full before the fifteenth (15 th) day after the date of judgment] OR [payable in installments as set forth below [with interest accruing under 18 U.S.C. § 3612(f)(1)-(2)] OR [without interest pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 3612(f)(3)(A) OR § 3612(h)]]; [a period of incarceration of XXXX months/years;] [and no period of supervised release] [and restitution of $XXX pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § [3583(d)/3663(a)(3)/ OR 3663A(c)(1)(A)(ii)] [payable in full before [DATE]] OR [payable in installments as set forth below [with interest accruing under 18 U.S.C. § 3612(f)(1)-(2)] OR [without interest pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 3612(f)(3)(A) OR § 3612(h)]] ("the recommended sentence"). [The United States will not object to the defendant's request that the Court make a recommendation to the Bureau of Prisons that the Bureau of Prisons designate that the defendant be assigned to a Federal Minimum Security Camp (if possible at [CITY], [STATE]) to serve his sentence of imprisonment and that the defendant be released following the imposition of sentence to allow him to self-surrender to the assigned correctional facility on a specified date on or after [MONTH DAY, YEAR].] The parties agree that there exists no aggravating or mitigating circumstance of a kind, or to a degree, not adequately taken into consideration by the U.S. Sentencing Commission in formulating the Sentencing Guidelines justifying a departure pursuant to U.S.S.G. § 5K2.0. The parties agree not to seek or support any sentence outside of the Guidelines range nor any Guidelines adjustment for any reason that is not set forth in this Plea Agreement. The parties further agree that [the recommended sentence] set forth in this Plea Agreement is reasonable.
- [The United States and the defendant agree to recommend, in the interest of justice pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 3572(d)(1) [and U.S.S.G. § 5E1.2(f)], that the fine be paid in the following installments: within [XX] days of imposition of sentence -- $[XXXX] [(plus any accrued interest)]; at ninety (90) days after the imposition of sentence-- $[XXXX] [(plus any accrued interest)]; at one hundred and eighty (180) days after the imposition of sentence -- $[XXXX] [(plus any accrued interest)]; at two hundred and seventy (270) days after imposition of sentence -- $[XXXX] [(plus any accrued interest)]; and at the one-year anniversary of the imposition of sentence-- $[XXXX] [(plus any accrued interest)]; provided, however, that the defendant shall have the option at any time before the one-year anniversary of prepaying the remaining balance [(plus any accrued interest) then owing on the fine].]
- [ The United States contends that had this case gone to trial, the United States would have presented evidence to prove that the gain derived from or the loss resulting from the charged offense is sufficient to justify a fine of [INSERT RECOMMENDED FINE], pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 3571(d). For purposes of this plea and sentencing only, the defendant waives his rights to contest this calculation.]
- The defendant understands that the Court will order him to pay a $100 special assessment pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 3013(a)(2)(A) in addition to any fine imposed.
9. [The United States and the defendant agree that the applicable Guidelines [fine and incarceration] range[s] exceed the [fine and term of imprisonment] contained in the recommended sentence set out in Paragraph 8 above. Subject to the full and continuing cooperation of the defendant, as described in Paragraph 12 of this Plea Agreement, and prior to sentencing in this case, the United States agrees that it will make a motion, pursuant to U.S.S.G. § 5K1.1, for a downward departure from the Guidelines [fine and incarceration] range(s) in this case and will request that the Court impose the [fine and term of imprisonment] contained in the recommended sentence set out in Paragraph 8 of this Plea Agreement because of the defendant's substantial assistance in the government's investigation and prosecutions of violations of federal criminal law in the [PRODUCT] industry.] OR
[The United States and the defendant agree that the applicable Guidelines fine range exceeds the fine contained in the recommended sentence set out in Paragraph 8 above. The United States and the defendant further agree that the recommended fine set out in Paragraph 8 above is appropriate, pursuant to U.S.S.G. § 5E1.2(e)[and 18 U.S.C. § 3572(b)], due to the inability of the defendant to pay a fine greater than that recommended.]
10. Subject to the ongoing, full, and truthful cooperation of the defendant described in Paragraph 12 of this Plea Agreement, and before sentencing in the case, the United States will fully advise the Court and the Probation Office of the fact, manner, and extent of the defendant's cooperation [and his commitment to prospective cooperation] with the United States' investigation and prosecutions, all material facts relating to the defendant's involvement in the charged offense, and all other relevant conduct. [To enable the Court to have the benefit of all relevant sentencing information, the United States may request, and the defendant will not oppose, that sentencing be postponed until his cooperation is complete.]
11. The United States and the defendant understand that the Court retains complete discretion to accept or reject the recommended sentence provided for in Paragraph 8 of this Plea Agreement. [ If a B agreement--The defendant understands that, as provided in Fed. R. Crim. P. 11(c)(3)(B), if the Court does not impose a sentence consistent with the recommendation contained in this Agreement, he nevertheless has no right to withdraw his plea of guilty.]
[ Insert (a) and (b) only for C agreements--
- If the Court does not accept the recommended sentence, the United States and the defendant agree that this Plea Agreement, except for Paragraph 11(b) below, shall be rendered void. [Neither party may withdraw from this Plea Agreement, however, based on the type or location of the correctional facility to which the defendant is assigned to serve his sentence.]
- If the Court does not accept the recommended sentence, the defendant will be free to withdraw his guilty plea (Fed. R. Crim. P. 11(c)(5) and (d)). If the defendant withdraws his plea of guilty, this Plea Agreement, the guilty plea, and any statement made in the course of any proceedings under Fed. R. Crim. P. 11 regarding the guilty plea or this Plea Agreement or made in the course of plea discussions with an attorney for the government shall not be admissible against the defendant in any criminal or civil proceeding, except as otherwise provided in Fed. R. Evid. 410. In addition, the defendant agrees that, if he withdraws his guilty plea pursuant to this subparagraph of the Plea Agreement, the statute of limitations period for any Relevant Offense, as defined in Paragraph 13 below, will be tolled for the period between the date of the signing of the Plea Agreement and the date the defendant withdrew his guilty plea or for a period of sixty (60) days after the date of the signing of the Plea Agreement, whichever period is greater. [For foreign national defendants residing abroad---For a period of three (3) consecutive days following such a withdrawal of the guilty plea under this subparagraph, the United States shall take no action, based upon either a Relevant Offense or any actual or alleged violation of the Plea Agreement, to revoke the defendant's release on his personal recognizance, to subject the defendant to service of process, arrest, or detention, or to prevent the defendant from departing the United States.]]
DEFENDANT'S COOPERATION
12. The defendant will cooperate fully and truthfully with the United States in the prosecution of this case, the conduct of the current federal investigation of violations of federal antitrust and related criminal laws involving the [manufacture or sale] of [PRODUCT], any other federal investigation resulting therefrom, and any litigation or other proceedings arising or resulting from any such investigation to which the United States is a party ("Federal Proceeding"). The ongoing, full, and truthful cooperation of the defendant shall include, but not be limited to:
- producing [in the United States and at other mutually agreed-upon locations] all non-privileged documents, including claimed personal documents, and other materials, wherever located, in the possession, custody, or control of the defendant, requested by attorneys and agents of the United States;
- making himself available for interviews [in the United States and at other mutually agreed-upon locations], not at the expense of the United States, upon the request of attorneys and agents of the United States;
- responding fully and truthfully to all inquiries of the United States in connection with any Federal Proceeding, without falsely implicating any person or intentionally withholding any information, subject to the penalties of making false statements (18 U.S.C. § 1001) and obstruction of justice (18 U.S.C. § 1503 et seq.);
- otherwise voluntarily providing the United States with any non-privileged material or information, not requested in (a) - (c) of this paragraph, that he may have that is related to any Federal Proceeding; and
- when called upon to do so by the United States in connection with any Federal Proceeding, testifying in grand jury, trial, and other judicial proceedings[ in the United States], fully, truthfully, and under oath, subject to the penalties of perjury (18 U.S.C. § 1621), making false statements or declarations in grand jury or court proceedings (18 U.S.C. § 1623), contempt (18 U.S.C. §§ 401 - 402), and obstruction of justice (18 U.S.C. § 1503 et seq.).
GOVERNMENT'S AGREEMENT
13. Subject to the full, truthful, and continuing cooperation of the defendant, as described in Paragraph 12 of this Plea Agreement, and upon the Court's acceptance of the guilty plea called for by this Plea Agreement and the imposition of the recommended sentence, the United States will not bring further criminal charges against the defendant for any act or offense committed before the date of this Plea Agreement that was undertaken in furtherance of an antitrust conspiracy involving the [manufacture or sale] of [PRODUCT] ("Relevant Offense"). The nonprosecution terms of this paragraph do not apply to civil matters of any kind, to any violation of the federal tax or securities laws, or to any crime of violence.
[14. The United States agrees that when the defendant travels to the United States for interviews, grand jury appearances, or court appearances pursuant to this Plea Agreement, or for meetings with counsel in preparation therefor, the United States will take no action, based upon any Relevant Offense, to subject the defendant to arrest, detention, or service of process, or to prevent the defendant from departing the United States. This paragraph does not apply to the defendant's commission of perjury (18 U.S.C. § 1621), making false statements (18 U.S.C. § 1001), making false statements or declarations in grand jury or court proceedings (18 U.S.C. § 1623), obstruction of justice (18 U.S.C. § 1503 et seq.), or contempt (18 U.S.C. §§ 401 - 402) in connection with any testimony or information provided or requested in any Federal Proceeding.]
[15.
- Subject to the full and continuing cooperation of the defendant, as described in Paragraph 12 of this Plea Agreement, and upon the Court's acceptance of the defendant's guilty plea and imposition of sentence in this case, the United States agrees not to seek to remove the defendant from the United States under Sections 238 and 240 of the Immigration and Nationality Act, 8 U.S.C. §§ 1228 and 1229a, based upon the defendant's guilty plea and conviction in this case, should the defendant apply for or obtain admission to the United States as a nonimmigrant (hereinafter referred to as the "agreement not to seek to remove the defendant"). The agreement not to seek to remove the defendant is the equivalent of an agreement not to exclude the defendant from admission to the United States as a nonimmigrant or to deport the defendant from the United States. (Immigration and Nationality Act, § 240(e)(2), 8 U.S.C. § 1229a(e)(2)).
- The Antitrust Division of the United States Department of Justice has consulted with United States Immigration and Customs Enforcement ("ICE") on behalf of the United States Department of Homeland Security ("DHS"). ICE, on behalf of DHS and in consultation with the United States Department of State, has agreed to the inclusion in this Plea Agreement of this agreement not to seek to remove the defendant. The Secretary of DHS has delegated to ICE the authority to enter this agreement on behalf of DHS.
- So that the defendant will be able to obtain any nonimmigrant visa that he may need to travel to the United States, DHS and the Visa Office, United States Department of State, have concurred in the granting of a nonimmigrant waiver of the defendant's inadmissibility. This waiver will remain in effect so long as this agreement not to seek to remove the defendant remains in effect. While the waiver remains in effect, the Department of State will not deny the defendant's application for a nonimmigrant visa on the basis of the defendant's guilty plea and conviction in this case, and DHS will not deny his application for admission as a nonimmigrant on the basis of his guilty plea and conviction in this case.
- This agreement not to seek to remove the defendant will remain in effect so long as the defendant:
- acts and has acted consistently with his cooperation obligations under this Plea Agreement;
- is not convicted of any felony under the laws of the United States or any state, other than the conviction resulting from the defendant's guilty plea under this Plea Agreement or any conviction under the laws of any state resulting from conduct constituting an offense subject to this Plea Agreement; and
- does not engage in any other conduct that would warrant his removal from the United States under the Immigration and Nationality Act. The defendant understands that should the Antitrust Division become aware that the defendant has violated any of these conditions, the Antitrust Division will notify DHS. DHS will then determine, in consultation with the Antitrust Division, whether to rescind this agreement not to seek to remove the defendant.
- The defendant agrees to notify the Assistant Attorney General of the Antitrust Division should the defendant be convicted of any other felony under the laws of the United States or of any state.
- Should the United States rescind this agreement not to seek to remove the defendant because of the defendant's violation of a condition of this Plea Agreement, the defendant irrevocably waives his right to contest his removal from the United States under the Immigration and Nationality Act on the basis of his guilty plea and conviction in this case, but retains his right to notice of removal proceedings.]
[16. The defendant understands that he may be subject to administrative action by federal or state agencies other than the United States Department of Justice, Antitrust Division, based upon the conviction resulting from this Plea Agreement, and that this Plea Agreement in no way controls whatever action, if any, other agencies may take. However, the United States agrees that, if requested, it will advise the appropriate officials of any governmental agency considering such administrative action of the fact, manner, and extent of the cooperation of the defendant as a matter for that agency to consider before determining what administrative action, if any, to take.]
REPRESENTATION BY COUNSEL
17. The defendant has reviewed all legal and factual aspects of this case with his attorney and is fully satisfied with his attorney's legal representation. The defendant has thoroughly reviewed this Plea Agreement with his attorney and has received satisfactory explanations from his attorney concerning each paragraph of this Plea Agreement and alternatives available to the defendant other than entering into this Plea Agreement. After conferring with his attorney and considering all available alternatives, the defendant has made a knowing and voluntary decision to enter into this Plea Agreement.
VOLUNTARY PLEA
18. The defendant's decision to enter into this Plea Agreement and to tender a plea of guilty is freely and voluntarily made and is not the result of force, threats, assurances, promises, or representations other than the representations contained in this Plea Agreement. The United States has made no promises or representations to the defendant as to whether the Court will accept or reject the recommendations contained within this Plea Agreement.
VIOLATION OF PLEA AGREEMENT
19. The defendant agrees that, should the United States determine in good faith, during the period that any Federal Proceeding is pending, that the defendant has failed to provide full and truthful cooperation, as described in Paragraph 12 of this Plea Agreement, or has otherwise violated any provision of this Plea Agreement, the United States will notify the defendant or his counsel in writing by personal or overnight delivery or facsimile transmission and may also notify his counsel by telephone of its intention to void any of its obligations under this Plea Agreement (except its obligations under this paragraph), and the defendant shall be subject to prosecution for any federal crime of which the United States has knowledge including, but not limited to, the substantive offenses relating to the investigation resulting in this Plea Agreement. The defendant agrees that, in the event that the United States is released from its obligations under this Plea Agreement and brings criminal charges against the defendant for any Relevant Offense, the statute of limitations period for such offense will be tolled for the period between the date of the signing of this Plea Agreement and six (6) months after the date the United States gave notice of its intent to void its obligations under this Plea Agreement.
20. The defendant understands and agrees that in any further prosecution of him resulting from the release of the United States from its obligations under this Plea Agreement based on the defendant's violation of the Plea Agreement, any documents, statements, information, testimony, or evidence provided by him to attorneys or agents of the United States, federal grand juries, or courts, and any leads derived therefrom, may be used against him in any such further prosecution. In addition, the defendant unconditionally waives his right to challenge the use of such evidence in any such further prosecution, notwithstanding the protections of Fed. R. Evid. 410.
[21. The defendant agrees to and adopts as his own the factual statement contained in Paragraph 4 above. In the event that the defendant breaches the Plea Agreement, the defendant agrees that the Plea Agreement, including the factual statement contained in Paragraph 4 above, provides a sufficient basis for any possible future extradition request that may be made for his return to the United States to face charges either in the Information referenced in Paragraph 2 of this Plea Agreement or in any related indictment. The defendant further agrees not to oppose or contest any request for extradition by the United States to face charges either in the Information referenced in Paragraph 2 of this Plea Agreement or in any related indictment.]
ENTIRETY OF AGREEMENT
22. This Plea Agreement constitutes the entire agreement between the United States and the defendant concerning the disposition of the criminal charge[s] in this case. This Plea Agreement cannot be modified except in writing, signed by the United States and the defendant.
23. The undersigned attorneys for the United States have been authorized by the Attorney General of the United States to enter this Plea Agreement on behalf of the United States.
[24. A facsimile signature shall be deemed an original signature for the purpose of executing this Plea Agreement. Multiple signature pages are authorized for the purpose of executing this Plea Agreement.]
DATED: _____________________ | Respectfully submitted, |
BY:________________________________ [NAME OF COUNSEL] | BY:___________________________ |
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